Flying vehicles with Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL)
1. Urgency Extremely actually to have
transport which would have following qualities now:
It’s extremely popular nowadays to have a vehicle which would have the
following advantages:
1. That could travel without roads, railways and rivers
2. High capacity (high lift power of engine power unit)
3. Such transport has low price
4. Low price of people and commercial freight transportation
5. High transportation speed
6. Simplicity of operation
7. Reliability and safety
8. Small size
2. Analogues
Nowadays many companies are trying to develop
flying vehicles with vertical take-off and landing
(VTOL) of the following type:
2.1. Helicopters
Characteristics:
1. The best helicopters of the world have lift at most 4-6 kg/h.p. in hovering in place mode. This is a very low value.
2. It follows that helicopters are expensive and transportation cost is high.
3. Complicated and unreliable construction. At engine cut-off uncontrolled rotation of a helicopter about vertical axis begins.
4. Unstable when flying near ground.
5. Large size because of the tail rotor.
6. Heavy vibration.
Helicopters are produced and used for transportation upon a small scale and are not in use for mass transit because they are expensive and because of other disadvantages.
2.2. Airplanes with Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL)
Characteristics:
1. Extremely high price, considerable fuel consumption and little payload these planes can lift.
2. Complicated and unreliable construction.
3. Poor control qualities at vertical take-off.
4. Is absolutely inapplicable as a mass transport
2.3. Airships
Airship of Festo
Characteristics: 1. Freight transportation compared to land transportation can be four times cheaper.
2. Large size, complicated wharf devices, low speed, poor maneuvering ability, harmful effect of side wind and other (see the web page
http://www.vortexosc.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=79 )
3. Typical flying vehicles can not serve as VTOL mass transport.
4. If to develop flying vehicles of a wing type with a thrust of oscillative type using flow-around for annihilation of aerodynamic drag then such flying vehicles can serve as VTOL mass transport (see our webpage :
http://www.vortexosc.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=125 )
2.4. Hovercrafts
Characteristics of hovercrafts:
Characteristics
1. Unit lift attains 15 kg/h.p. It is much more than VTOL helicopters and planes have.
2. Have complex construction. Engine-thruster complex for air flooding and developing thrust take much space on the vehicle.
3. Poor flotation ability, considerable dusting, low control characteristics, especially on low speeds.
4. Existing hovercraft can not serve as a VTOL mass transport.
5. If to develop hovercraft vehicle with a thruster of oscillative type and use oscillating skirt to develop aerostatic and aerodynamic lift then such vehicle can serve as a VTOL mass transport (see our webpage
http://www.vortexosc.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=85 )
Characteristics:
1. Very big cost, the big consumption and a small real weight
2. A difficult and unreliable design.
3. Are used screw and jet thrusters.
4. Bad controllability.
5. Existing flying platforms are not suitable as mass transport with vertical take-off and landing.
2.6. Flying disk
It’s known nowadays that in 30s-40s Germany was intensively developing disc-shaped flying vehicles with unconventional way of lift power creation. Circular form in plan gives two more advantages. First – stable flight at ANY attack angle even up to 90 degrees; that excepts the spin even at lowest speed. This advantage of the scheme is well known.
On December, 12 in 1959 on the territory of the “Avro Canada” Plant in Melton “Avrocar” accomplished first air taxiing; on May, 17 in 1961 forward flights began. EKIP:
EKIP vehicle.
To reduce aerodynamical drag boundary layer control system is applied. This layer in form of complex of tandem transverse vortexes is soaked into the hull and that guarantees vehicle flow without separation. Due to that vehicle moves in laminar aerodynamical flow with smaller drag. The system allows to provide low aerodynamical drag (in 6-8% of secondary thrust) at low energy consumption and vehicle stability at attack angular range up to 40 degrees at cruise and take-off and landing flying mode. The vehicle is invented in USSR by L.N. Schukin at the beginning of 80s. It has several modified arrangements depending on its application. EKIP can fly at height from 3 to 10 000 meters with speed from 120 to 700 km/h.
Characteristics:
1. For many decades no one managed to create a reliable, economic, really flying vehicle.
2.7. Umbrellaplane
J.L. Naudin invented a flying model in a form of umbrella. Lift power is created due to screw that pushes air down. Thrown air on its way down flows around umbrella-shaped surface on which due to Coanda effect additional lift is created.
Characteristics:
1. Compared to ordinary flying platforms flying umbrella has additional lift.
2. It is reasonable to develop such vehicle further (application of umbrella-shaped model).
2.8. Ornithopters
1. For a long period of time there have been made attempts to develop a really flying ornithopter. But such vehicle is not invented yet. The main reason is that engineers and researches don’t know about the effects of nonlinear oscillative aerodynamics and don’t consider vehicle engine-thruster complex as a whole mechanical system.
2. Ornitopter with vertical take-off and landing it is not created yet.
V. Tatarinov developed a model which could fly up vertically due to oscillation of umbrella-shaped body. An attempt to develop vehicle of a big size failed.
Swedish inventor Valin developed Orthopter on which oscillated wings with shutters (moving up-opened, moving down-closed).
Characteristics:
1. Orthopters with their principle at once solve VTOL and hovering problems.
2. This flying vehicle is undeservingly forgotten nowadays.
3. Using effects of nonlinear oscillative aerodynamics and construction principles of vehicle as a whole engine-thruster complex it’s possible to develop highly economical and maneuverable
flying vehicle.
2.9. Flying carpets (the magic carpet)
East and in some Russian fairy tales carpets in the size about 3 on 4 metres served in many for transportation of people and cargoes by air. The French and American physicists have designed "carpet-plane": thin sheet from an easy material which can fly by air in the set direction at the expense own
oscillations. At first physicists under the direction of Lakshminarajanana Mahadevana (Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan) from the Harvard University in Cambridge (USA, the State of Massachusetts) have found out the thin vibrating sheet does not sink in a liquid. The further researches have shown: the same sheet can keep and in air. It is necessary only to force to shiver it in appropriate way. The Carpet-plane, as a matter of fact, is ready - sit down and fly. But while is low.
The fantastic plot is almost true from the scientific point of view: the carpet flies towards the raised edge.
Practical levitation
1. The carpet surface vibrates.
2. Pressure over a carpet goes down (-P).
3. Under a carpet the elevated pressure (+P) is created.
4. At the expense of a difference of pressure there is a carrying power. Carpets, however, will face a number of serious restrictions. Theoretically they can be as much as great, but practically for lifting of a carpet some the considerable size is required exclusively strong engine. That the carpet in length of ten centimeters and of 0,1 millimeters remained thickness in air, it should vibrate with frequency about ten hertz and amplitude of
oscillations about 0,25 millimeters (that is waves amplitude in two and half time more thickness of carpet should run on it ten times per second).
infodon.org.ua
Characteristics:
1. The received sizes of elevating and pulling forces yet do not represent practical interest.
2. 2. These phenomena still have been opened earlier at research acoustic currents formed at wave distribution on a surface.
3. 3. Use of waves on surface of thin sheets or films will yield the big practical results if to pass to the serious scientific approach at the decision of this problem (use of nonlinear oscillatory aerodynamics, working out of these devices on a basis move-moving complex, use of automatic adaptive control systems, etc.). Sorokodum E.D.'s such work already takes some tens years.
2.10 Acoustic levitation
Flying ants: ultrasound can keep a small insect aloft. Wenjun Xie, Scientists at Northwestern Polytechnic University in Xian
http://www.nature.com/news/2006/061127/full/061127-6.html Professor Ulf Leonhardt and Dr Thomas Philbin, from the University of St Andrews in Scotland, have worked out a way of reversing this pheneomenon, known as the Casimir force, so that it repels instead of attracts.
Characteristics:
1. Effect of getting pressure force of sound (acoustic radiation pressure) was known long time ago.
2. These authors don’t make pre-project evaluation of expected thrust from power value. According to general theory of power development it follows that thrust value is equal to power supplied to the trail and divided by energy transfer speed (of any kind) from generator to the trail (see my work: Sorokodoum E. On general nature of forces // New Energy Technologies. Issue # 1(4), January-February 2002, p.317-323.(pdf). Speed of sound thought it is far less than light speed but still high (340 m/s in the air). It follows that sound doesn’t produce gross thrust force taken from power unit of acoustic generator.
3. Acoustic thrusters are unrealizable and uneconomical. The situation can be changed if to reduce acoustic energy transfer speed along the flying vehicles line of motion (to the opposite from the vehicle direction) to several tens of meters per second.
2.11. Light rockets
The development of light rockets similar to development of firm Lightcraft Technologies Inc. (LTI), do not bring success. And reception in last experiences of appreciable forces in these vehicles, is connected with the use of energy of light (laser) for evaporation of ice or plastic and creation due to it a jet. Only due to reaction of a jet pair forces which can lift the vehicle during short time for some tens meters also have been received. Characteristics:
1. Abroad, especially in the USA, are made attempts to create flying vehicles getting thrust due to light pressure (at light emission by emitter on the vehicle or under light reflection from the emitter on the earth).
2. Received values of lift are too small at considerable energy consumption
3. Trying to get any substantial power inventors made a trick: light ray energy conversion into heat energy and using it for evaporation of ice (USA) or hard material into vapor (Japan). Then vapor jets are directed one way and they get lift. But this is a common rocket thruster already. There is no need to do things like that because we can use energy for evaporation of material at once omitting intermediate conversion into light energy. These works are exotic but not serious scientific and design works.
4. These authors don’t make pre-project evaluation of expected thrust from power value. According to general theory of power development it follows that thrust value is equal to power supplied to the trail and divided by energy transfer speed (of any kind) from generator to the trail (see my work: Sorokodoum E. On general nature of forces // New Energy Technologies. Issue # 1(4), January-February 2002, p.317-323.(pdf). Light speed is great. It follows that light can not create considerable thrust force from the power unit of light emitter.
5. Light thruster is absolutely unrealizable and uneconomical at Earth conditions. The situation can be changed if to reduce light energy transfer speed along the
flying vehicle line of motion (to the opposite from the vehicle direction) to several tens of meters per second.
2.12
Electroplanes
Flying electro plane by Tim Ventura
http://www.americanantigravity.com/index.shtml
Electric flying ships characteristics:
1. Low relative thrust (lift value from power unit)
2. Present day results are far from practical application for transport.
2.13. UFO Characteristic of UFO: 1. Flying principles, energy and other characteristics of UFO are not known.
2.14. Alternative flying vehicles.
In various laboratories works on creation of a new type thruster for flying vehicles are in progress. Among them is thrust development without mass reject.
Breakthrough Propulsion Physics NASA sponsored Glenn's BPP Project over 1996-2002, which addressed 8 different research approaches, produced 16 peer-reviewed journal articles and award-winning website (Warp-When), all for a total investment of less than $1.6M. During this time, the BPP Project also co-ordinate with related research funded at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. With the implementation of the 2003 Federal Budget (p.325), all advanced propulsion research was deferred, including these research efforts.
Characteristics:
1. The area of search of creation of draught is in the new ways real and actual.
2. It is required to develop for the qualified search of new
ways of creation of draught first of all the general theory of
physics of creation of force.
2.15. Birds and insects.
Characteristics
1. A mechanism of lift creation by birds and insects has been practiced for thousands of years. That’s why we may suppose that locomotive mechanism of flying animals has optimal characteristics of energy output and materials consumption for wings and muscles.
2. There flying animals that have specific thrust more than 100 кг/л.с (kg/h.p.)!!!
3. Unfortunately, mechanism of animals’ flight remains underexplored. Unfortunately, huge financial and human resources are directed on research works of traditional mechanism of thrust and lift force creation basing on stationary aerodynamics.
4. Existence of nonlinear oscillative effects is actually disregarded by researches and companies that may allow designing supereconomy flying vehicle.
5. Supereconomy VTOL flying vehicle can be designed in case of application of nonlinear oscillative aerodynamical effects and principles of engine-thruster complex construction which flying animals have.
2.16. Conclusion
A principal cause is that not possible to create the economic vehicle with vertical take-off and landing on a place till now, use of classical stationary aeromechanics.
1. There are no types of VTOL vehicles among existing inventions that would meet the quality requirements mentioned in part 1. Actuality.
2. Such vehicle can be developed if using nonlinear oscillative aerodynamical effects and principles of engine-thruster complex construction as a whole oscillative system.
3. Such vehicles can have many functional modified arrangements. Today they are:
- Flying vehicles with vertical take-off and landing with a thruster of oscillative type
- Hovercrafts vehicle with oscillating skirt (see our webpage:
http://www.vortexosc.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=85 )
- Airship of a wing type with a thruster of oscillative type (see our webpage:
http://www.vortexosc.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=125 )
4. When fulfilling the order for aviation technology it became common that a customer confides not to the author that researches and knows a lot about high technologies but to him who demonstrates the models of flying vehicles (that can not fly good but he promises to get better result in future). As the result, every year in the world hundreds of model that can and can not fly are designed and don’t have better characteristics and results.
The main reason that we still can not develop economical flying vehicle with vertical take-off and landing is in using standard stationary aeromechanics.
3. Our researches on flying vehicles with vertical take-off and landing with thruster of oscillatory type.
We have come to a conclusion (on the basis of scientific researches of many scientific and our own researches) that it is possible to make the big break in improvement of characteristics of flying vehicles with vertical take-off and landing on the basis of transition to engine-thruster to a complex of oscillatory type. Improvement of characteristics becomes possible thanks to:
- a oscillating wing and oscillatory aerodynamics for lift creation;
- nonlinear aerodynamic oscillatory modes for lift increase;
- Zhukovsky-Knoller-Betz effect (effect of a wave flow of a wing) for decrease in aerodynamic drag of motionless wings;
- drives of oscillatory type;
- systems of adaptive optimum control of characteristics engine-thruster complex;
- control systems of device flight.
These questions will be shined more in detail more lowly.
3.1. Increasing of effective thruster swept area
Using thrust augmentation effect while reduction of pressure head in thruster hydrodynamic swept area.
This method is well known among specialists studying thrusters. But this effect can’t be used to a full extend because wide thruster swept area is needed for that. And for some economic reasons it is impossible (screws of extra-large diameter will be necessary; that means considerable weight, problems with high-drag and failure resistance, extra weight of engine-thruster complex because of necessity to decrease screw revolutions). Oscillating wing gives relatively simple problem solution because a thruster in the form of oscillating wing can be situated along leading and trailing edge of a fixed wing. This will allow a huge thruster swept area (even more than 10 times larger than a common propelling screw can), thrust augmentation and higher coefficient of efficiency.
3.2. More efficient usage of a thruster swept area
A thruster called ‘oscillating wing’ doesn’t have disadvantages of a propelling screw: thrust deficiency of a screw near axis, inductive aerodynamic drag at the ends of the blade, damaging air motion to the ends of the blade caused by centrifugal force.
3.3. Extension of effective thruster swept area (KNOW HOW)
There are modes of nonlinear hydrodynamic oscillation of wing when the effective swept area is much larger than the wing swept area at stationary oscillation mode. Due to this effect thrust value can be exceeded.
3.4. Thrust increases because while oscillation vortex separation from the wing occurs at large angle of attack (KNOW HOW)
Propulsive thrust of oscillating wing type is projection of a lift force on direction of a ship motion. During wing oscillations flow-around stall will occur at much larger angles of attack. As the result, lift coefficient and propulsive force will have much larger value than that of the propelling screw.
3.5. It is easy to modify optimum modes using a thruster of ‘oscillating wing’ type over a full range of speeds (KNOW HOW)
Propelling screw doesn’t have optimum angles of attack at different floating speeds. Even propelling screw with flexible blade can’t fully solve this problem. It is easy to fix optimum angles of attack and oscillation principles remotely. It will lead to exceeding of propulsive thrust and coefficient of efficiency.
3.6. A thruster of ‘oscillating wing’ type will serve as a thruster and a guidance blade simultaneously (KNOW HOW)
Existing hydrofoil ships have ordinary steering wheels for that purpose. We offer to use oscillating wings of a thruster as a rudder. By means of that we can get positive result:
- Ship will be successfully controlled at low speeds, including maneuvers on site, and also while ship hull comes out of water and submerges.
- There will be no need to produce special rudders.
3.7. Lift force increase through circulation augmentation
When lifting of mid position of oscillating leading edge flap (KNOW HOW)
3.8. Light trace (KNOW HOW)
3.9. Drive simplification
Due to application of hydraulic drive to cause oscillations of a leading edge flap, power transmission from engine to actuating hydraulic cylinders that oscillate leading edge flaps becomes easier. Drive units, shafting and vertical columns with bevel gear, etc. are no longer needed.
3.10. Easy and low-priced production comparing to screws (KNOW HOW)
A wing of a thruster is easy in production (symmetrical profile and the chord is equal spanwise).
3.11. Improving of ship course-keeping qualities, specifically on low and zero speed.
It can be achieved with the help of a thruster of oscillative type and wave flow-around of a wing (KNOW HOW).
3.12. Extraction of atmosphere kinetic energy (KNOW HOW).
3.13. Improvement of controllability of the device, especially on small speeds and speeds equal to zero.
It is reached for the account oscillatory type thruster and a wave flow of a wing (KNOW HOW).
3.14. Control systems engine-thruster a complex of oscillatory type.
We have developed several control systems:
A hand control system for thruster characteristics (oscillation frequencies and amplitude) adjusting.
An automatic system for finding optimal thruster characteristics (the first model).
An automatic system for finding optimal thruster characteristics (the second model).
Flying vehicles with vertical take-off and landing with thruster oscillatory type will have:
1. Smaller capacity of the engine because thrust several times smaller is required.
2. Smaller weight of the engine, transfer elements, fuel system, fuel.
3. Smaller dimensions of the device at the same commercial cargo.
4. Smaller cost of the device
5. Cheaper transportations of commercial cargo.
6. More safe of transportations, controllability and manoeuvrability increase.
7. Rigidity of requirements to the location on a vessel power and units and control systems decreases;
8. The aesthetic kind of a flying vehicle with oscillatory thruster is much more attractive, than with screw thruster.
4. Our offer
We are looking for an investor for the development of super effective VTOL.
We can develop and produce first operating models of VTOL of various purposes. Now we do not have any operating models. But it should be noted that we have impressive theoretical, experimental and practical experience of the development and production of operating models of various devices using oscillations.
Flying vehicles with vertical take-off and landing with thruster of oscillatory type
on one person (KNOW-HOW).
Flying vehicles with vertical take-off and landing with thruster of oscillatory type
with load-carrying capacity of 500 kg(KNOW-HOW)
