Crisis of a science
Crisis of a science, engineering and human opportunities.
Studies of how animals fly and swim, creation of flying and swimming devices
with oscillating working organs, studies of unusual vortex have a history of
already more than 100 years. Despite of a great number of publications this
field has still been studied a little. Mechanics of flight and swimming, physics
of tornado and vortex tube, dynamics and energy of spiral and other vortex
structures remain don't understanded. There are several reasons for current
situation in this area of human knowledge:
-crisis in scientific studies (theory foundations, methods of research);
-crisis in technology politics (absence of strategy for development of new
devices);
-crisis in organizational structures and human resources while developing
objects extremely complicated in scientific and engineering sense.
These features of task implementation usually stay unnoticed or ignored by many
scientists, designers, businessmen and managers. It seems to me that ignoring
the existence of the crises itself leads to failure and waste of time, human,
financial and material resources. Contemporary level of carrying out scientific
and organizational studies and developing a design in this area is not
sufficient for successful results (contemporary level is nothing but an
unprofessional approach). This is why questions raised here have to be seriously
considered and prompt the human society to review its scientific, technical and
organizational approach to problems solution in this area. The question is sharp:
either we have to review the approach or hundreds of scientists from generation
to generation will follow the same pass not finding real scientific explanations
and designer solutions which will be adequate to specifics of разрабатываемых
products.
Reasons for the above mentioned crises will be reviewed below.
Crisis of science
It has appeared in that area of scientific knowledge which needs fundamental
research in the following directions:
-aerohydromechanics;
-thermodynamics;
-general problems connected with notions of energy and force;
-systems, including oscillation systems;
-biomechanics;
-methods of research;
-theory of design of devices using oscillations, waves and vortex to induce
force and utilize energy from the environment (sources of energy, drives,
driving and matching elements, systems of control, working organs).
Let's analysis shortly the status of scientific studies in each of these areas
from the point of their use in studies of aerohydrodynamics of flight and
swimming of animals, unusual oscillations, vortex and waves and their technical
analogies.
For studies of oscillations in liquids and air equations of Navie-Stokes or
Euler are used . For the small oscillations they give results that agree with
experiment (linearized type of body oscillation, including that of the wing and
in acoustics) and for quasistationary oscillations of bodies (wings). However
these equations having limited opportunities do not give an answer for a raising
number of tasks:
-do not give a direct solution to definition of turbulence, hydrodynamic
instability (those solutions that are widely used are derived with additional
artificial equations and methods);
-do not give a clear answer to development mechanism of resistance crisis at
critical region of Reynolds numbers;
-do not give solutions (agreeable with what is being observed during experiment)
for streams when amplitudes of oscillations are changed on a large scale,
including those comparable with characteristic size of body;
-do not give any quality solutions to describe dynamics of flight and swimming
of animals that will agree with dynamic and energy characteristics of real
animals, and also their technical prototypes;
-do not explain principles of economical flight and swimming of animals;
-till today the paradox of Grey remains unsolved (dolphins when they swim spend
energy several times less than it would be needed for the same technical object);
-do not allow to solve a problem of tornado;
-do not give solutions to non-stationary (non-linear) oscillation mode;
-solutions for physics of vortex tube have contradictions with empirical data; -there
are a lot of contradictions in vortex motion.
Thus Navier-Stokes equations become not useful for solution of number of tasks
connected with oscillation, wave and vortex motions, and for instability and
energy exchange problems. Main reasons that make Navier-Stokes equations useless
consist of the following:
-rotational motion of particles is not taken into account;
-energy transfer is not taken into account;
-viscosity is not fully reflected;
-connection between density and other physical variables has a simplified
character.
Researchers know little that flight and swimming of animals takes place in a
non-linear (non-stationary) oscillations mode. Namely this oscillation mode
originates unusual efficiency feature of locomotion organ of animals and enable
high efficiency of developing technical devices working in this mode.
Thermodynamics, in a part of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (authors have called it
only a hypothesis), states that energy transfer can not take place from a cold
body to a heated one or that concentration of energy and temperature raise in
one of the areas can not take place in a medium with a constant temperature At
the same time experiment results speak of a different matter:
-in heat pumps heat transfer from a body with low temperature to a hot one takes
place due external energy;
-the toy “drinking berd” works as a heat engine through evaporation of water
from its head though the surrounding space has a constant temperature;
-there are devices (Lazarev's ring space and many others ), where motion takes
at constant temperature in an ambient medium.
These contradictions speak of imperfection in a 2nd law of Thermodynamics, which
can not be used for all types of systems and motions.
Phenomena observed and studied by Nikolai Tesla, Viktor Shauberger and others
should be specially mentioned here :
In certain types of vortex motion there was observed a temperature decrease in a
jet of liquid (air) and released heat energy transformed into additional kinetic
energy of the jet. With certain characteristics of device it appears so that
energy input may be less than energy output (in the process, liquid with
decreased temperature discharges from the device). Law of energy conservation is
not violated. Navie-Stokes equations and thermodynamics can not explain
phenomena of transformation of heat energy of the jet when its temperature is
decreased into additional kinetic energy of the jet. (experiments by Viktor
Shauberger and others). A lot of publications about this phenomena have appeared
on the web recently. To our regret in spite of the fact that they are numerous
and have references to same authors in the past no serious experiments were
carried out to test this phenomena and to reveal analytical patterns describing
it. If its existence will be reliably verified then it will open up to humanity
great possibilities to create renewable sources of energy, flying and swimming
devices of a new type and many other.
Over the last decades a number of studies with reviewed and summarized physical
notions of energy and force have appeared again. As of today it may be stated
that physical notion of energy and force and their mathematical description
apparently is only a particular case of the more general patterns not yet known
to humanity. There is a number of publications with attempts to review physics
of force development and to find more general physical models for it. Here we
have in mind that these problems are closely related to physics of induction of
driving force.
Problems raised by scientists can be divided in two:
-general physics of force;
-general theory of induction of driving force.
In its turn driving force may be generated by different means:
-by mass ejection (force impulse originated by changed quantity of motion:
reactive propellers, mass ejection by screw, wing, etc.);
-energy radiation (pressure radiation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves,
photon rockets);
-by other unusual means.
Physics of propellers generating driving force by mass ejection for a number of
practical cases is amply studied but issues of generating propulsion by energy
radiation or other way remain exotic. Hence we limit to ourselves horizons of
scientific search and prospects of developing new devices. It is also possible
that these mechanisms will enable to solve phenomena of flight and swimming of
animals, their unusual for today's knowledge efficiency features.
Flying and sailing animals and their technical prototypes are material systems.
And oscillating systems. Energy of the source is transferred to the drive (to
engine that generates oscillating motion at the output), then through driving
and matching elements the motion is transferred to a working organ (wing, fin,
feathers, etc). A working organ oscillating in liquid or air inducts driving
force. These are simplified features of engine and propeller system of an
oscillating type. Without studies of flight and swimming of animals and their
technical prototypes based on oscillating system, in principle it will be
impossible to understand correctly their work and design highly effective
devices. All the more it is surprising that researchers in this area don't know
or ignore achievements in contemporary science. If we don't use theory of
oscillations to study flight and swimming of animals then it beforehand
considerably reduces significance of all previous and today's studies.
Locomotion organ of flying and swimming animals has been adapting in a period of
millions of years. Principles of its construction, search of optimal modes in
live nature probably differ from how humans can do it. At this aspect live
nature acts considerably more effective than humans who study nature by logical
thinking (and very rarely by heuristic thinking). Taking this into account it
will be expedient to have a detailed study of locomotion organs of animals, as
well as principles of for searching of optimal device's structure and its
operating modes.
Summing up what has been said about scientific crises in this area, we can make
the following conclusions:
-imperfection of Thermodynamics and Navier-Stokes equations, not using to this
area general physical approaches to energy and force, ignoring the existence of
non-linear (non-stationary) oscillation modes in liquid and not using theory of
oscillations for studies of flight and swimming of animals in nature and their
technical analogies creates a situation where level of these studies will stay
unprofessional;
-implementation of the above mentioned scientific studies to research in our
area will not solve all the questions immediately but will allow to begin
comprehended studies on a more professional level;
-variety and volume of forthcoming studies is great (there is an element of
failure in full understanding of the mater) but it's time to follow a new path
.
There had never been one united program of studies in this area.
Crisis of engineering
Stationary aerohydrodynamics dominated in ХХ century.
Stationary aerohydrodynamics allowed to create airplanes, helicopters, vessels
on underwater wings, devices on air cushion, rockets, ships and submarines,
sources of energy, technological devices to increase heat and mass transfer,
pumps and many other. Propellers and devices of the ХХ century have considerable
power and low commercial freight, have great weight of engines and propellers
and low efficiency, pollute the environment.
In leading countries of the world for a long period of time a great number of
studies has been done to improve design of airplanes, helicopters, ships,
submarines, rockets, sources of energy, technological devices and other
equipment. A great number of financial, material and human resources have been
attracted to do the studies. Devices have been constantly improving. But despite
increased financing effectiveness of studies decreases. And we face now the
crises in technology.
Quality change in creating of new technologies may take place if the same
happens with scientific knowledge, and as a result of this the strategic concept
of new ways of developing of lifting and propulsion force, renewable sources of
energy and technological processes will be changed. New scientific knowledge
have to enable to create renewable sources of energy using heat energy of a
still ambient environment. Successful development of samples of heat pumps and
Sterling's on the base of thermoacoustics effects is a bright example of
implementing new scientific knowledge.
In 2000-2010 years we will face a new time of non-linear (non-stationary)
aerohydrodynamic oscillation processes. Non-linear oscillating processes are the
new technologies with new principles of generating driving force, reduction of
aerohydrodynamic resistance, utilization of an environmental energy, high
technologies in devices of heat and mass exchange. These are flying devices with
vertical take-off and ability to hover and having 30-150 kg of lifting force per
horse power of engine . These are rockets that need fuel ten times less, and
take commercial weight to ten times more.
Crisis in human resources and organization of scientific and designer studies
Transcendental difficulty of studying mechanism of flight and swimming of
animals, their technical prototypes, non-linear oscillations in liquid and air,
vortex renewable sources of energy impose high requirements to an individual
scientist and designer as well as to organizing studies and business in this
area.
For studies of non-linear oscillations in mechanics, biomechanics,
aerohydromechanics and thermodynamics it is necessary to have encyclopedia
knowledge in different areas of sciences, have a data base of not less than
several thousands of publications, know methods and instruments for experimental
research and many other.. Have also a big bank of patents and design of flying
and swimming devices with oscillating working organs. Knowledge of classical
parts of science is also needed. Accumulation of this knowledge is possible only
at unordinary efforts during many years of studies in this area.. And yet it is
not enough. Results obtained by humanity by last 150 years show that our
knowledge weakly reflects physical processes taking place at flying and swimming
of animals, during oscillations in liquid and air, and created numerous devices
are nothing more but exotic toys. We now are facing a critical situation when
such large volume of knowledge is needed that considerably exceeds capabilities
of one individual. A great number of researchers in this area have been working
and work now in the world. But a great number of researchers don't lead to
desirable results. Scientists know little about previous studies and research
conducted by contemporaries in boundary areas. Studies are repeated constantly;
financial, material and human resources are being wasted, and level of studies
beforehand meets failure (writing of dissertations can not be the only goal of
these studies).
In 1960-1987 a Program of research of flapping wing in water has been launched
in USA and USSR . More that 30 organizations have been attracted to this
research in USSR. Officials from the government considered this program as a
routine task fulfilled with a routine approach. Taking into account what has
been said in the section “Crisis of science” and "Crisis of engineering "
failure of the Programs in USA and USSR could not be avoided. People that worked
for the Program sincerely believed in success and did not suspect that failure
of the Program can not be avoided. Bad organization has negatively added to this
situation. In USSR research program leaders were actually unprofessional.
Besides that they did not take care of organizational matters and did not
fulfill their leadership functions. Trying to improve the situation, Doctor
Sorokodum on his own initiative started to organize and carry out coordinate
meetings (see the pictures).
Participants of Coordinating meeting (leaders of scientific laboratories of USSR
participating in the Program dedicated to development of an oscillating
propeller, 1979)
Participants of Coordinating meeting (representatives from scientific
organizations of USSR, shipbuilding industry, 1983)
But Gorbachev's era have put an end to financing and studies have been stopped.
In USA the Program was probably organized in a better way. But judging by
scientific publications and patents, they have made the same organizational and
scientific mistakes. Crisis of the state of scientific knowledge in this area
and inadequacy of this knowledge to research in this field were also not
realized. Therefore Program in USA was doomed for failure. Now in the world and
USA a new turn in studies of flight and swimming of animals and their technical
prototypes is observed. Tens of micro flying and swimming devices including
those with with oscillating wings are being developed by initiative of DARPA (The
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency USA) and other governmental
organizations. But again it is not understood that conducting of scientific and
designer studies based on classical knowledge and methods will lead to failure
of all studies. It is not understood that airplane or helicopter version of
micro flying devices does not have prospects because of its low efficiency and
manoeuvrability. Devices with flapping wings, that use linear or quasistationary
oscillation modes will not be efficient and therefore have no prospects for a
wast market . Besides that, developed in USA and Canada micro flying devices
with flapping wings can not take off and land vertically and hover. Taking into
account what has been said in sections "Crisis of science", "Crisis of
engineering" and in this section, today's programs in USA are also doomed for
failure. Neither big financing nor using of super modern equipment can improve
the situation. A small laboratory with considerably less financial support than
in USA. can successfully solve problems of developing micro flying and swimming
devices if it will operate on the basis of what has been said above. (I have a
right to say that because I have been working in this area for more than 30
years, have seen development of hundreds of scientists and laboratories, know
the results of 7000 research papers and 1000 patents, see the development of
today's studies by internet).
Taking into account everything that has been said, it is necessary has created
International Program on the subject with attraction of really leading
scientists in this area, creation of data base of scientific and designer
studies, development of basis of flying and swimming devices of an oscillating
type and other organizational decisions when conducting studies in this area.
Conclusions and recommendations
Analysis of scientific studies has shown that the following concepts should be
taken as a guide:
1. Force of propulsion is a result of gradient of energy in space and all known
physical theories (sea propellers, screw and turbojet propellers, jet propellers,
different kinds of pumps, devices for technological mixing and others) are a
particular case of this principle. Intellectual efforts of designers developing
propellers are limited by existing theories reflecting only a particular area of
physics of propellers. Based on the general concept of force development in
order to make propellers several times more efficient than existing ones it is
necessary to have an effective aerodynamic cross-section of the propeller as big
as possible. Even bigger than the cross-section of the device itself. All flying
and swimming animals have an effective area of propeller bigger than a midship
section of animal's body. Propeller with oscillating working organ would be more
suitable for these purposes because its shape and motion trajectory are not
limited by geometry of circle, propeller can work outside the body frame of the
device and can have a large sweep effective area.
2. Force of propulsion may be generated by energy transfer in space of any
physical nature (due to and at availability of gradient of energy). Energy
transfer by mass ejection, as it happens in any known propeller or in rocket is
a particular case of propulsion generating. Energy can be transferred by other
means for example with the help of wave (photon rockets). Using the more general
concepts of mechanism of propulsion than existing ones it will be possible to
create propellers, including rocket, many times more efficient.
3. When bodies oscillate in liquid or air there are at least three physical
areas of oscillation: linear, non-linear (non-stationary) and quasistationary.
Linear and quasistationary areas of oscillation physically exist, calculations
and experiments agree with each other. Implementation of physics of linear or
quasistationary oscillations enables to create devices, but these devices will
have energy efficiency not higher than existing traditional propellers and
therefore have no prospects for good marketing. Non-linear (non-stationary)
oscillation mode should be used. But existence of this area remains unnoticed.
Besides that this area is not understanded, and studies of it require more
efforts (theoretical, experimental and designer studies) than it was needed for
classical aerodynamics and hydrodynamics.
4. Studies to solve efficient motion of sea animals (an attempt to solve paradox
of Grey) have been conducted in USA and USSR for 15 years A clue has not been
found.. Problem of transportation in space should be solved not by creating
powerful propellers but by creating structure of streams around the device's
body frame providing minimum of aerohydrodynamic resistance or even that the
body frame itself could become a propeller. The main task of the propeller is
not propulsion generation but creation of necessary structure of streams around
the body frame of the device. One of the possible types could be creation of the
wave flow around the body frame and adequate drag reduction or even creation of
driving force on the body frame Wave flow can be generated if the oncoming flow
will be disturbed with oscillations.
5. Vortex-oscillation technologies can give advantages in implementation of
special control systems and systems of optimal adaptive control .
6. Existing equations in aerohydrodynamics, thermodynamics and physical models
do not fully consider energy exchange in medium and between medium and body.
Such structure of streams can be created (especially jet, vortex, wave or
oscillating), where it is possible to receive energy transfer to our structure
of streams from the ambient medium (even still ambient medium). Existing
tornados are an example of this mechanism. In a number of cases this transfer
takes place but it has a small value or is not discovered by experimenters
because they don't suspect that this phenomena exist)
7. Trancendental difficulty of conducting studies in this area makes the
question sharp: either an international program of studies based non-linear (non-stationary)
oscillations mode, oscillation system with attraction of new aero-hydrodynamic
and thermodynamic phenomena is launched or the programs again will come to a
failure.
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